结语
亚历山大是希腊化时期建城活动的开创者，其关于城市的选址、布局、族群构成等理念与实践皆被他的继业者所效仿。东地中海地区是亚历山大最早建城的地区，也是希腊化世界西部，甚至整个希腊化世界的核心区域，其中尤以塞琉古王国建城居多。在王朝奠基、战事频仍的背景之下，继业者的建城活动与亚历山大时期已经有了明显的区别。对于继业者而言，最严峻的挑战已经不再是戍守边境，而是对已有疆土的控制和管理，建立希腊化城市显然是实现这一战略目标的关键。他们在东部希腊化地区所建的城市大多发展迅速，有的甚至成为王国的通都大邑，成为新的希腊化政治、经济和文化中心，像托勒密埃及的亚历山大里亚、塞琉古王国的安条克和塞琉西亚、马其顿的帖萨洛尼卡就是如此。这些城市实际上就是后来诸多丝路重镇的前身。
（邵大路）
(1)Aristotle, Politics, 1253a-5, with an English translation by H. Rackham, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.［古希腊］亚里士多德：《政治学》，吴寿彭译，北京：商务印书馆，1996年，第7—8页。
(2)一些城市也修英雄祠纪念奉命建城者，如今阿富汗的阿伊·哈努姆（Ai Khanoum）遗址中心就有建城者基涅阿斯（Kineas）和特里巴罗斯（Triballos）的陵墓。
(3)Isocrates, To Philip, 121, with an English translation by George Norlin, London: William Heinemann Ltd.; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928.
(4)Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, p. 17.
(5)Getzel M. Cohen, “Colonization and Population Transfer in the Hellenistic World,” in Van’t Dack Edmond, ed., Egypt and the Hellenistic World, Lovanii: Publications Universitaires de Louvain, 1983, pp. 63-74.
(6)Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, with an English translation by J.C. Yardley, Atlanta, GA: Scholar’s Press, 1994, 8.5.7-6.2.
(7)即今希腊东北部马其顿地区同名城市腓力比（Philippoi）。参见Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 16.3.7, 16.8.6, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995; Appian, The Civil Wars, 4.13.105-106; IG II2 127.45, with an English translation by Horace White, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964.
(8)位于今保加利亚普罗夫迪夫（Plovdiv）。参见Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Philippopolis,”in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 5, Berlin and New York: De Gruyter,2017, pp. 38-39; Pliny, Natural History, 4.41, with an English translation by H. Rackham, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961; Dexippus Atheniensis, F.27.1 (FGrH, 100).
(9)关于腓力二世的建城、殖民活动，主要的研究成果有：J. R. Ellis, “Population-transplants by Philip II,” Makedonika, Vol. 9, 1969, pp. 9-17; R. Ellis, Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism, London: Thames and Hudson, 1976, pp. 68-69, 167; Getzel M. Cohen,“Colonization and Population Transfer in the Hellenistic World,” in Van’t Dack Edmond, ed., Egypt and the Hellenistic World, pp. 63-64.
(10)Plutarch, Alexander, 9, with an English translation by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967.
(11)位于今希腊东北部马其顿地区卡林多亚（Kallindoia）的卡拉摩托（Kalamoto）附近。参见SEG 36.626, ll. 5-10.
(12)希腊化建城活动所涉及的兼并行为，希腊语最常用συνοικισμóς，除此之外，一些文献也使用συμπολίζειν或συμπολιτεύειν来形容联盟或两座城市之间共享公民权的行为。
(13)Adrian George Dumitru, “Les Seleucides et les Balkans: Les Thraces dans l’armee Seleucide,”in A. Rufin-Solas, ed., Armees grecques et Romaines dans le Nod des balkans. Conflits et integration des communautes guerrieres, Akanthina 7, Gdansk: Fondation Traditio Europae,2013, pp. 69-89.
(14)关于亚历山大在埃及征兵的情况，参见比洛的著作。Richard A. Billows, Kings and Colonists: Aspects of Macedonian Imperialism, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995, p. 153.
(15)Plutarch, Alexander, 26.3-10; Strabo, Geography, 17.1.6, with an English translation by H.L. Jones, London: William Heinemann, 1967; Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 17.52; Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander, 4.8.1-6; Justin, Epitome of Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 11.11.13.
(16)Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 3.1.5-3.2.1, with an English translation by P. A. Brunt, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976. 另外，普鲁塔克在《亚历山大传》中也有类似的记载，见Plutarch, Alexander, 26.
(17)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 17.52.
(18)Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006, p. 301.
(19)A. B. Bosworth, A Historical Commentary on Arrian’s ‘History of Alexander’. Vol. 1: Commentary on Books I-III, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980, p. 264.
(20)W. W. Tarn, Alexander the Great. Vol. 2: Sources and Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948, p. 43.
(21)P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, Vol. 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972, pp. 1ff.
(22)Peter Green, “Alexander’s Alexandria,” in Kenneth Hamma, ed., Alexandria and Alexandrianism, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 1996, p. 18.
(23)Pliny, Natural History, 6.138-139.
(24)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 19.35-36, 19.49-52, with an English translation by Russel M. Geer, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984.
(25)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 19.52.5.关于卡桑德娶帖萨洛尼卡的记载，参见Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 19.52.1; Justin, Epitome of Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 14.6.3; Pausanias, Description of Greece, 8.7.7, 9.7.3, with an English translation by W. H. S. Jones, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.
(26)今希腊哈尔基迪基半岛（Chalkidiki）卡桑德里亚。关于卡桑德里亚的建立，参见Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 19.52.2; Marmor Parium, F B 14 (FGrH, 239)；张强：《〈帕罗斯碑〉译注》，《古代文明》2007年第1期，第32页。其他提及卡桑德里亚这一地名的文献还有：Strabo, Geography, 7 F25, 27; Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 44.11.2, with an English translation by Alfred C. Schlesinger, London: William Heinemann, 1961; Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Kasandreia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 3, Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2014, pp. 56-57; Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Potidaia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 4, Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2016, pp.92-93; Pliny, Natural History, 4.36; Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.23.3, with an English translation by W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerod, London: William Heinemann Ltd.; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926; Procopius, De Aedif iciis, 4.3.21, with an English translation by H. B. Dewing, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996; Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, 3.98e, with an English translation by Charles Burton Gulick, London: William Heinemann, 1961; Claudius Ptolemy, Geography, 3.12.10, translated and edited by Edward Luther Stevenson, with an introduction by Prof. Joseph Fischer, New York: Dover Publication, Inc., 1991.
(27)今希腊塞萨洛尼基（Thessaloniki）。
(28)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 19.52.2-4.
(29)Strabo, Geography, 7 F21.
(30)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 19.12-35, 19.37-44; Plutarch, Eumenes, 13-19, with an English translation by Bernadotte Perrin, London: William Heinemann, 1959.
(31)Richard A. Billows, Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, pp. 201ff.
(32)今土耳其西北部埃斯基斯坦布尔（Eski Stambul）。斯特拉波提及该城之名，见Strabo, Geography, 13.1.33, 47, 52.
(33)今土耳其伊兹尼克（İznik），常译作尼西亚。提及该城的古典文献和铭文有：Strabo, Geography, 12.4.7; Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Nikaia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 3, pp. 382-393; Syll.3 348.
(34)今土耳其巴勒克埃西尔省埃尔代克（Erdek）。提及该城的文献有：Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Antigoneia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 1, Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2006, pp. 210-211.
(35)可能位于今土耳其班德尔马附近的埃尔吉利（Ergili）。Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Antigoneia,”in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 1, pp. 210-211.
(36)该城大致位于后来奥龙特河畔的安条克城范围内，具体城址仍未确定。
(37)塞琉古一世在伊普苏斯之战后来到叙利亚，将培拉（Pella）改建为阿帕米亚，说明与培拉相似的以马其顿或希腊本土地名命名的城市在战前就已存在。
(38)根据普鲁塔克的记载，德米特里此时已经控制了马其顿和希腊。Plutarch, Demetrius, 53.3, with an English translation by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.
(39)Strabo, Geography, 9.5.15.
(40)Marmor Parium, F B 19 (FGrH, 239). 提及该城为吕西马库斯所建的文献还有：Eusebius, Chronika, II, p. 116; Strabo, Geography, 7 F52. 此外，其他提及吕西马奇亚的主要史料还有：Justin, Epitome of Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 17.1-2; André Plassart, “Inscriptions de Delphes, la liste des Théorodoques,” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Vol. 45, 1921, p.19, col. III. 95; Memnon, F8.3 (FGrH, 434).
(41)Ps- Skylax, Periplus, 67.（Karl Otfried Müller, ed., Geographi Graeci Minor, Vol. 1, Paris:A. Firmin Didot, 1855, pp. 54-57.）根据普林尼、斯特拉波和托勒密的记载，卡尔狄亚和帕克提仍然存在，但有可能是隶属于吕西马奇亚的港口。见Pliny, Natural History, 4.48; Strabo, Geography, 7 F52; Claudius Ptolemy, Geography, 3.12.2.
(42)今土耳其塞尔丘克（Selçuk）附近。关于吕西马库斯迁建以弗所，并以其妻之名命名，参见Strabo, Geography, 14.1.21; Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Ephesos,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 2, Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2011, pp. 188-191; I. Milet I.2, 10. 关于该城希腊化时期的城市面貌，参见S. Ladstätter, “Hafen und Stadt von Ephesos in hellenistischer Zeit,” Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien, Band. 85, 2016, pp. 233-272.
(43)保萨尼阿斯、普林尼的记载与钱币材料都支持亚历山大为士麦那建城者，见Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7.5.1, with an English translation by W. H. S. Jones, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988; Pliny, Natural History, 5.118. 提及新城之名欧吕狄凯亚的只有钱币材料，参见H. P. Borrell, “Unedited Autonomous and Imperial Greek Coins,” The Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 3, 1844, pp. 135-137.
(44)关于托勒密王朝在埃及以外的统治，参见Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions outside Egypt, Leiden: Brill, 1976; Tomasz Grabowski, “Ptolemaic Foundations in Asia Minor and the Aegean as the Lagids’ Political Tool,” Electrum, Vol. 20,2013, pp. 57-76; Andrew Meadows and Peter Thonemann, “The Ptolemaic Administration of Pamphylia,” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Vol. 186, 2013, pp. 223-226.
(45)Tacitus, Histories, 4.83.1, with an English translation by Clifford H. Moore, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962.
(46)Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.6.3, with an English translation by W. H. Jones, London: William Heinemann Ltd.; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1918.
(47)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 18.28.4; Strabo, Geography, 17.1.8; Pseudo-Kallisthenes, Romance of Alexander, 3.34.
(48)R. K. Ritner, trans., “The Satrap Stela (CAIRO JdE 22182),” in William Kelly Simpson, et al., eds., The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry, third edition, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,2003, p. 393. 相关译文亦可参见Judith McKenzie, The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt(300BC-AD700), New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007, p. 40.
(49)Tacitus, Histories, 4.84.
(50)Tacitus, Histories, 4.83.
(51)P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, Vol. 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972, pp. 314-315, 321-322; Vol. 2, p. 469 n. 69. Judith McKenzie, The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt (300BC-AD700), p. 41.
(52)托勒密王朝总共在该地区建立了四座城市，分别名为阿波罗尼亚（Apollonia）、阿尔西诺伊亚（Arsinoeia）、贝莱尼凯（Berenike）和托勒迈斯（Ptolemais）。参见G. M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, pp. 385-396.
(53)腓尼基和科伊勒—叙利亚一直是各方势力角逐的舞台，从继业者战争开始，托勒密、安提柯和塞琉古都曾经占据该地区。托勒密曾在前318—前302年间短暂占领南叙利亚地区多次，并在安提柯失败后占据南叙利亚，参见Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 20.113.1. 由于叙利亚的争端，托勒密王朝和塞琉古王朝展开了近百年的叙利亚战争，为了加强各自在腓尼基和科伊勒—叙利亚的防御，整个“黎凡特”地区都成了密集建城的地区。其中托勒密所建的据点中，比较确定具有城市地位的有托勒迈斯—阿克（Ptolemais Ake）、培拉／贝莱尼凯（Pella/Berenike）、菲拉德尔菲亚／安曼（Philadelphia/Amman）和菲罗特里亚（Philoteria），参见G. M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, pp. 213-221, 265-274.
(54)Strabo, Geography, 16.4.5; Pliny, Natural History, 6.168, 171; Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, p. 47.
(55)Strabo, Geography, 16.4.5; Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, p. 47.
(56)Plutarch, Demetrius, 31.6-7.
(57)今土耳其锡利夫凯（Silifke）。卡吕卡德诺斯河（Kalykadnos River）即今土耳其格克苏河（Goksu Nehri）。关于该城兼并旧城赫尔米亚，参见Pliny, Natural History, 5.93.
(58)今土耳其杰伊汉（Ceyhan）。提及该城之名的古典文献及铭文有：Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Antiocheia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 1, pp. 212-215; Syll.3 585. 285; IG II2 2316.49/50.
(59)今土耳其塔尔苏斯。提及该城之名的主要是铭文及钱币材料：SEG 12. 511; IG II2 2316.48; IG 11.4.822; BMC Lycaonia, 177, Nos. 92-93.
(60)Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor, pp.357-360.
(61)关于高卢人入侵小亚细亚的记载，参见Memnon, Peri Herakleias, (FGrH, 434 F11).
(62)“雷电”托勒密（约公元前319—前279年）本为托勒密一世之子，后因被褫夺王位继承权逃至控制色雷斯、马其顿的吕西马库斯那里，卷入宫廷斗争，导致该王国公元前281年灭亡于塞琉古一世之手。但他暗杀了塞琉古一世，夺取马其顿王位，在位仅17个月（公元前281—前279年），就在与高卢人的战斗中丧生。
(63)Justin, Epitome of Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 17.2.2-4.
(64)“公路”（κοινὴ ὁδός）是希腊化时期小亚细亚最主要的交通要道，斯特拉波引用阿尔特米多罗斯（Artemidoros）的记载提到了这段道路。Strabo, Geography, 14.2.29.
(65)今土耳其艾登（Aydın）。关于特拉雷斯重建，并命名为塞琉西亚，参见Pliny, Natural History, 5.108. 公元前3世纪的铭文提到一些来自于迈安德河畔的塞琉西亚人，很有可能就来自特拉雷斯改建的这座城市，参见IG IΧ. 12 17. 100; I. Milet 85.
(66)今土耳其苏丹希萨尔（Sultanhisar）。Strabo, Geography, 14.1.46.
(67)今土耳其艾登省巴萨兰（Başaran）。Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Antiocheia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 1, pp. 212-215.
(68)今土耳其代尼兹利（Denizli）。Pliny, Natural History, 5.105.
(69)Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Laodikeia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 3, pp. 198-199; Eustathios, 915.
(70)Thomas Corsten, “The Foundation of Laodikeia on the Lykos: An Example of Hellenistic City Foundation in Asia Minor,” in Hugh Eltron and Gary Reger, eds., Regionalism in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor: Acts of the Conference Hartford, Connecticut (USA), August 22-24 August 1997, Pessac: Ausonius, 2007, pp. 131-136.
(71)Strabo, Geography, 12.8.15.
(72)今土耳其乌卢博尔卢（Uluborlu）。Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Apollonia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 1, Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2006, pp. 228-229.
(73)今土耳其亚尔瓦奇（Yalvaç）。提及该城的古典文献及铭文有：Strabo, Geography, 12.8.14,12.3.31; I. Mag. 79-80.
(74)今土耳其科尼亚省（Konya）拉迪克（Lâdik）。Strabo, Geography, 14.2.29.
(75)Strabo, Geography, 14.2.25; Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Stratonikeia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 4, pp. 220-221.
(76)国王运河，阿卡德语读作Nahr Malcha，西起奈阿波利斯（Neapolis）附近，东至塞琉西亚，连接幼发拉底河和底格里斯河，开凿年代不详。参见F. H. Weissbach, s.v.“Naarmalcha,” in August Friedrich Pauly and Georg O. A. Wissowa, et al., eds., RE Bd ΧVI. 2, Stuttgart: Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1935, cols. 1440-1449.
(77)该说由贝洛赫（Karl J. Beloch）首先提出，先后得到史密斯（Sidney Smith）和马里诺尼（Elio Marinoni）的支持。Karl J. Beloch, Griechische Geschichte III, Strassburg: Verlag von Karl J. Trübner, 1904, p. 140 n. 1. Sidney Smith, “The Chronology of Philip Arrhidaeus, Antigonus and Alexander IV,” Revue d’Assyriologie et d‘archéologie orientale, Vol. 22, 1925, pp. 196-197; Elio Marinoni, “La capitale del regno di Seleuco I,” Rendiconti Istituto Lombardo, Vol. 106, 1972, pp. 620-621.
(78)M. Streck, “Seleukeia (am Tigris),” in August F. Pauly and Georg O. A. Wissowa, et al., eds., RE Bd IIA, Stuttgart: Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1921, cols. 1150-1151. 需要指出的是，哈德利在《塞琉西亚的建城年代》一文中将施特雷克归于前300年之后建城说的支持者有误。（Robert A. Hadley, “The Foundation Date of Seleucia-on-the-Tigris,” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 27, 1978, p. 228.）
(79)Edward T. Newell, The Coinage of the Eastern Seleucid Mints: From Seleucus I to Antiochus III, New York: American Numismatic Society, 1938, pp. 12-14. Georges Le Rider, Suse les Seleucides et les Parthes, Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1965, p. 31.
(80)Nancy M. Waggoner, “The Early Alexander Coinage at Seleucia on the Tigris,” American Numismatic Society Museum Notes, Vol. 15, 1969, p. 30.
(81)Julius Kaerst, Geschichte des hellenistischen Zeitalters II (pt. 1), Leipzig: Teubner, 1909, pp. 73-74.
(82)Amélie Kuhrt and Susan Sherwin-White, “The Transition from Achaemenid to Seleucid Rule in Babylonia: Revolution or Evolution?” in Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Amélie Kuhrt and Margaret Cool Root, eds., Achaemenid History VIII: Continuity and Change, Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabijt Oosten, 1994, pp. 322-323; Otto Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage: From Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 71; Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2013, p. 163; Laurent Capdetrey, Le pouvoir séleucide. Territoire, administration, finances d’un royaume hellénistique (312-129 av. J.-C.), Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2007, pp. 53-54.
(83)布谢—勒克莱尔将安条克建立的时间推定为公元前300年3—5月。Auguste Bouche-Leclerq, Histoire des Séleucides (323-64 avant J.-C), Vol. II, Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1914, p.524.
(84)Robert A. Hadley, “The Foundation Date of Seleucia-on-the-Tigris,” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 27, 1978, pp. 226-229.
(85)Arthur Houghton and Catherine Lorber, eds., Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue. Part 1: Seleucus I through Antiochus III, New York-Lancaster-London: American Numismatic Society, 2002, p. 2.
(86)斯特拉波称塞琉古从巴比伦“迁都”塞琉西亚，那么，塞琉西亚应是继巴比伦之后成为王室驻跸地。（Strabo, Geography, 16.1.5.）而且从考古发掘结果来看，塞琉西亚在规划之时即有都城的特征。该城占地超550公顷，比后来建的安条克还大。Antonio Invernizzi,“Séleucie du Tigre, métropole grecque d’Asie,” Revue Archéologique, Nouvelle Série, Fasc. 1,1991, p. 180; Antonio Invernizzi, “Hellenism in Mesopotamia: A View from Seleucia on the Tigris,” Al-Rafidan, Vol. 15, 1994, p. 2.
(87)斯特拉波称底格里斯河通航河道的起始处位于“奥皮斯和现在的塞琉西亚”（τὴν ῏Ωπιν καὶ τὴν νῦν Σελεύκειαν），波斯帝国曾在此修建水坝，以防止海船沿底格里斯河上溯侵犯。（Strabo, Geography, 16.1.9.）而亚述帝国时期的《辛那赫里布编年史》（The Annals of Sennacherib）也提到，从奥皮斯的码头船只可以顺底格里斯河而下，而上溯的船只则需在奥皮斯登岸，然后拖曳至Arahtu运河。Daniel D. Luckenbill, ed., The Annals of Sennacherib, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1924, p. 73.
(88)Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 7.7.
(89)贝洛赫构建的年表，学界一般称其为“高版年表”（the High Chronology）。该年表将托勒密、塞琉古与安提柯之子德米特里（Demetrios I Poliorketes）之间发生的加沙战役（Battle of Gaza）定在公元前312年春，而塞琉古重返巴比伦则在公元前312年秋。（Julius Beloch, Griechische Geschichte III, pp. 132, 189.）后来得到了莫米利亚诺（Arnaldo D. Momigliano）、比科尔曼（E. Bikerman）和布里昂（Pierre Briant）的支持。这套体系在此后的半个世纪里一直被奉为权威。1949年曼尼（E. Manni）利用楔形文字材料提出新说，即“低版年表”（the Low Chronology），逐渐替代了高版年表的地位，为绝大多数希腊化时代早期史研究者所接受。该年表认为加沙战役约在公元前312年秋冬之际，而塞琉古重返巴比伦在公元前311年春。20世纪90年代以来，高版年表在博斯沃思的倡导下又有复燃之势。相关讨论可参见Tom Boiy, Between High and Low: A Chronology of the Early Hellenistic Period, Frankfut am Main: Verlag Antike, 2007, pp. 111-117.
(90)狄奥多罗斯也记载了德米特里的反攻，其笔下的征伐，特点是速战速决，这与旷日持久的巴比伦尼亚战争是否是同一场，在学界有很大争议。博伊（T. Boiy）的观点较有新意，他认为巴比伦尼亚战争可以分为两个阶段，第一阶段由德米特里和塞琉古交锋，德米特里只攻下了巴比伦的一座王宫就撤退了；第二阶段，安提柯亲率大军与塞琉古交战，完全控制了巴比伦。参见Tom Boiy, Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon, Leuven: Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, 2004, p. 133.
(91)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 19.90. 阿庇安的说法与狄奥多罗斯不一致，为1000步兵和300匹马。Appian, Roman History, “The Syrian Wars”, 54.
(92)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 19.91.
(93)《继业者编年纪》涉及此战争的记录有残缺，现存自亚历山大四世七年Âbu月（公元前310年8月17日—9月15日）一直到八年Âbu月25日（公元前309年8月30日）的部分。这段记载的起始处（亚历山大四世七年Âbu月），距离“公元311年和约”的签订已近一年，因此，战争的真正起始时间很可能较此早许多。
(94)波利艾努斯（Polyaenus）记录了塞琉古击败安提柯的信息，该战役或可理解为安提柯与塞琉古之间的最后一战，但是文中并未记录具体的时间。参见Polyaenus, Strategemata, 4.9.1, Lipsiae: Teubner, 1887.
(95)关于安提柯对巴比伦城乡的洗劫，见“Diadochi Chronicle (BCHP3),” Rev. 23’-26’, 37’-38’.
(96)根据普鲁塔克，塞琉古虽然没有称王，但已经“以王的身份在与蛮族人打交道了”。Plutarch, Demetrius, 18.4.
(97)Edward T. Newell, The Coinage of the Eastern Seleucid Mints: From Seleucus I to Antiochus III, pp. 12-14.
(98)Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt, Victory as a Coin Type (Numismatic Notes and Monographs 149), New York: American Numismatic Society, 1962, p. 27.
(99)Edward T. Newell, The Coinage of the Eastern Seleucid Mints: From Seleucus I to Antiochus III, p. 18.
(100)Edward T. Newell, The Coinage of the Eastern Seleucid Mints: From Seleucus I to Antiochus III, pp. 23-38; Arthur Houghton and Catherine Lorber, Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue. Part 1: Seleucus I through Antiochus III, p. 4.
(101)Strabo, Geography, 15.2.9.
(102)根据狄奥多罗斯，塞琉古在公元前302年秋冬之际已到达小亚细亚的卡帕多西亚。Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 20.113.
(103)Appian, Roman History, “The Syrian Wars”, 58.
(104)Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 21.1.5, with an English translation by Francis R. Walton, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980; Justin, Epitome of Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 15.4.1-2; Plutarch, Demetrius, 31.
(105)Plutarch, Demetrius, 30-33, 35.
(106)Kostas Buraselis, “God and King as Synoikists: Divine Disposition and Monarchic Wishes Combined in the Traditions of City Foundations for Alexander’s and Hellenistic Times,” in Lin Foxhall, Hans-Joachim Gehrke and Nino Luraghi, eds., Intentional History: Spinning Time in Ancient Greece, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010, p. 267.
(107)根据利巴尼乌斯的演说，安条克的建城史不仅可追溯至塞琉古一世，甚至也与亚历山大大帝本人有关系。Libanius, Orations, 11, in Glanville Downey, ed., “Libanius’ Oration in Praise of Antioch (Oration ΧI),” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 103, No. 5, 1959, pp. 652-686.
(108)Malalas, Chronographia, 199.2ff.
(109)Appian, Roman History, “The Syrian Wars”, 63. 关于其他葬于都城的希腊化国王，参见Victor Tcherikower, Die hellenistischen Städtegründungen von Alexander dem Grossen bis auf die Römerzeit, s. 132.
(110)参见G. Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961, pp. 57-59.
(111)参见G. Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, pp. 57-59.
(112)阿克西奥斯河（Axios）即奥龙特斯河，是马其顿人对该河的称呼。
(113)在斯特拉波的眼里，这四座城市规划和谐，两座内陆城市（安条克与阿帕梅亚）各有一座港口城市与之对应（分别是皮埃里亚的塞琉西亚与海滨的劳狄西亚）。斯特拉波常曲解史料，追求数据对称，如四个区，四个省，四个姊妹城，就此而言，他的说法并不是完全可信的。
(114)John D. Grainger, The Cities of Seleukid Syria, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990, pp. 91-92.
(115)Edward T. Newell, The Coinage of the Western Seleucid Mints: From Seleucus I to Antiochus III, New York: American Numismatic Society, 1941, pp. 86-103.
(116)Gurob Papyrus (FGrH, 160); A. Jähne, “Die ‘Syrische Frage’, Seleukeia Pierien und die Ptolemaeer,” Klio, Vol. 56, 1974, pp. 501-519.
(117)Libanios, Orations, 11.205-207; John D. Grainger, The Cities of Seleukid Syria, pp. 124-125.
(118)Libanios, Orations, 11.119.
(119)Strabo, Geography, 16.2.4.
(120)Janine Balty and Jean Charles Balty, “Apamée de Syrie, archéologie et histoire. I. Des origines à la Tétrarchie,” in Hildegard Temporini, ed., Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: II.8 Principat: Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Syrien, Palästina, Arabien), Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1978, pp. 111-115.
(121)Louis Jalabert and René Mouterde, eds., Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, IV. Laodicée. Apamène, Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1955, No. 1261. (=IGLS 1261)
(122)Appian, Roman History, “The Syrian Wars”, 57.
(123)关于以上几城的面积，参见John D. Grainger, The Cities of Seleukid Syria, pp. 92, 244.
(124)参见Laurent Capdetrey, Le pouvoir séleucide. Territoire, administration, finances d’un royaume hellénistique (312-129 av. J.-C. ), p. 51.
(125)前295年，波西斯爆发了一次旨在脱离塞琉古王国的叛乱，很可能正是此次事件促使塞琉古一世加强对地方的控制。Arthur Houghton and Catherine Lorber, Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue. Part 1: Seleucus I through Antiochus III, p. 2 n. 13. 关于安条克任共治王的时间，楔形文字泥版文书最为可靠，大英博物馆一块泥版（BM. 109941）有目前可见最早以塞琉古和安条克两人共同纪年的记载，可追溯至公元前294年11月18日，见J. Oelsner, Materialen zur babylonischen Gesellschaft und Kultur in Hellenistischer Zeit, Budapest: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, 1986, p. 271. 根据霍顿和洛伯，塞琉西亚除发行刻有塞琉古之名的四德拉克马银币（Tetradrachm）之外，还打造有风格类似的刻有幼王安条克之名的银币。Arthur Houghton and Catherine Lorber, eds., Seleucid Coins:A Comprehensive Catalogue. Part 1: Seleucus I through Antiochus III, p. 4. 根据麦克道尔（R. H. McDowell），安条克一世正式为王的时间共19年，但却出土了82枚钱币，数量明显多于塞琉古一世的47枚，其中一部分应是属于其任共治王时期所造。参见Robert H. McDowell, Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris, p. 51. 而在巴克特拉也发现了共治王钱币，证实了在安条克统治期间发挥的积极影响。
(126)Appian, Roman History, “the Syrian Wars”, 62. 关于安条克任共治王的时间，楔形文字泥版文书最为可靠。大英博物馆一块泥版（BM. 109941）有目前可见最早以塞琉古和安条克两人共同纪年的记载，可追溯至前294年11月18日。J. Oelsner, Materialen zur babylonischen Gesellschaft und Kultur in Hellenistischer Zeit, p. 271.
(127)Strabo, Geography, 16.1.23.
(128)Justine Gaborit, “Jebel Khaled (Syrie) – B23,” in Justine Gaborit, La vallée engloutie (Volume 2: Catalogue des sites). Géographie historique du Moyen-Euphrate (du IVe s. av. J.-C. au VIIe s. apr. J.-C.), https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/7159.
(129)Strabo, Geography, 11.14.15; Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, p. 152.
(130)Justine Gaborit, “Horum Höyük (Turquie) – A04,” in Justine Gaborit, La vallée engloutie(Volume 2: Catalogue des sites). Géographie historique du Moyen-Euphrate (du IVe s. av. J.-C.au VIIe s. apr. J.-C.), https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/7103.
(131)Justine Gaborit, “Raqqa/Ouweis Al Karani (Syrie) – F01,” in Justine Gaborit, La vallée engloutie (Volume 2: Catalogue des sites). Géographie historique du Moyen-Euphrate (du IVe s. av. J.-C. au VIIe s. apr. J.-C.), https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/7262.
(132)Justine Gaborit, “Carchemish/Jerablous (Turquie) – A28,” in Justine Gaborit, La vallée engloutie (Volume 2: Catalogue des sites). Géographie historique du Moyen-Euphrate (du IVe s. av. J.-C. au VIIe s. apr. J.-C.), https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/7129.
(133)John D. Grainger, The Cities of Seleukid Syria, pp. 102, 245.
(134)Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 38; Michael the Syrian, 5.6.
(135)Justine Gaborit, “Al-Bousayra (Syrie) – F26,” in Justine Gaborit, La vallée engloutie (Volume 2: Catalogue des sites). Géographie historique du Moyen-Euphrate (du IVe s. av. J.-C. au VIIe s. apr. J.-C.), https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/7287.
(136)一般认为此二城即土耳其境内的Tilmusa Huyuk（Keskince）。由于比雷吉克（Birecik）水库的兴建，考古学家对其进行了抢救性发掘。
(137)Polybius, The Histories, 5.43.1.
(138)Justine Gaborit, “Belkis-Zeugma (Turquie) – A08,” in Justine Gaborit, La vallée engloutie(Volume 2: Catalogue des sites). Géographie historique du Moyen-Euphrate (du IVe s. av. J.-C. au VIIe s. apr. J.-C.), Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo, Institut français du Proche-Orient, 2015.https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/7107.
(139)Justine Gaborit, “Tilmusa/Keskince (Turquie) – C07,” in Justine Gaborit, La vallée engloutie(Volume 2: Catalogue des sites). Géographie historique du Moyen-Euphrate (du IVe s. av. J.-C.au VIIe s. apr. J.-C.), https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/7176.
(140)Isidore of Charax, Parthian Stations, 1= FGrH 781.
(141)普林尼和约翰·马拉拉斯称塞琉古之侄名为尼卡诺尔，曾任美索不达米亚总督，建立阿拉伯的安条克。罗斯托夫采夫支持此观点。M. I. Rostovtzeff, “The Foundation of Dura-Europos on the Euphrates,” Annales de l’Institut Kondakov (Seminarium Kondakovianum), Vol. 10, 1938, pp. 99-106. Paul J. Kosmin, “The Foundation and Early Life of Dura-Europos,”in Gail Hof fman and Lisa Brody, eds., Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011, pp. 150-176.
(142)M. I. Rostovtzeff, “The Foundation of Dura-Europos on the Euphrates,” Annales de l’Institut Kondakov (Seminarium Kondakovianum), Vol. 10, 1938, pp. 99-106.
(143)Pliny, Natural History, 6.132.
(144)Isidore of Charax, Parthian Stations, 2.
(145)I. Estremo Oriente 277-278.
(146)OGIS 233=Rigsby, Asylia 111=I. Estremo Oriente 252=Euphrat 306.
(147)Strabo, Geography, 11.13.6.
(148)从塞琉西亚到苏萨亦可顺底格里斯河而下，至入海口附近沿欧莱乌斯河上溯。
(149)Pliny, Natural History, 6.129.
(150)Stephanos Byzantios, s.v. “Apameia,” in M. Billerbeck, ed., Stephani Byzantii Ethnica, Vol. 1, pp. 222-223.
(151)A. J. Sachs and H. Hunger, eds., Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. 3: Diaries from 164 B. C. to 61 B. C., Wien: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1996, -140 Obv. 35-36.